George Washington
Window of the American
Stained Glass / View All Windows
INSCRIPTION
“Given by the Pennsylvania State Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution
October 20, 1930”
“But seek ye first the kingdom of God, and his righteousness;
and all these things
shall be added unto you.”
— Matthew 6:33
Original Installation: October 1926 [1]
Repaired and restored through gift of:
Color Guard of the Pennsylvania Society of Sons of the Revolution.
Rededication: July 2024
Medallion Reading Order:
Top to bottom, left to right.
Overview
Directly above the Chapel’s main entrance hangs the largest of the thirteen stained-glass windows, a uniquely biographical piece spanning George Washington’s life from infancy to his retirement. It groups thirty-six significant moments into three career phases. In between these vignettes are religious symbols and various objects from Washington’s life and times. Additionally, a progression of genealogically-significant coats of arms attest to the Washington family’s English heritage.
As seen in his choice of theme verse, The Reverend W. Herbert Burk intended the George Washington Window to represent “a life lived under the Providence of God for the founding of the American Republic and the giving to the American people the most exalted ideals of private life and public service.” The first twelve scenes represent “Washington the Virginian,” showing the early experiences which formed him as a person and gained him prominence, culminating in his departure for the First Continental Congress in 1774. The second pair of lancets, “Washington the Patriot,” cover his 1775-1783 role as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army in the War for Independence. The final dozen medallions are “Washington the American,” bookending his Presidency with scenes from his personal life.
Two groups of soldiers in the center of the window’s top tracery parallel the archangels surmounting the Martha Washington Window. The top line of four soldiers represent different branches within the Continental Army: Dragoon, Artilleryman, Rifleman, and Life Guard (in pose of sentry saluting a high-ranking officer).[2] The bottom line of four soldiers below these are regular infantrymen of the Continental Line, like the soldiers standing guard in the top tracery of the nave windows. The inclusion of these figures is part of the Chapel’s theme of comprehensively honoring the service and sacrifice of all patriots, both famous and obscure.
In the daggers to either side of these men are sheathed swords; on the left is Washington’s dress sword for formal occasions, while on the right is his battle sword. To either side of these are two pairs of figures showing Washington’s different roles in life: Surveyor, Colonel (French and Indian War), General (War for Independence), and President. Flanking these Washington representations are various American flags.
This window is unique in its total focus on the life of its honoree, a sharp contrast to the one or two appearances the other memorialized patriots may make in their windows. It is also distinctive in lacking a thematic title; this is because Washington’s individual character arc is being presented as the product of the Chapel’s larger story of the roots of American civilization. It echoes the Martha Washington Window of the Abundant Life, which it physically faces across the length of the chapel, by highlighting throughout Washington’s life the Christian “five-fold inheritance” of literature, social institutions (family, church, and state), religion, science, and art. Like the Chapel’s overall historical narrative, the selection of scenes in this pictorial biography highlights turning points that Burk believed were Divinely ordained.
Although some details of this window play off the patriotic mythos surrounding his life, the portrayal of Washington as a solid churchman and devout practitioner of Christianity is neither fanciful nor mistaken. As discussed in The Vision for the Windows and this window’s first scene (The Baptism of George Washington), doubts about Washington’s faith are contradicted by both eyewitnesses and his own writings (such as his prayerful words graven into the Chapel’s narthex).
By showing the importance of acts of religious devotion throughout Washington’s career, Burk hoped to communicate the Father of Our Country’s values to future generations. Burk prayed, with Washington, that God
“would most graciously be pleased to dispose us all to do Justice, to love mercy and to demean ourselves, with that Charity, humility and pacific temper of mind, which were the Characteristics of the Divine Author of our blessed Religion and without an humble imitation of whose example in these things, we can never hope to be a happy Nation.” [3]
Motifs Throughout
Blue Octagons and Red Squares: The windows’ field is of blue octagons with red squares interspersed, providing a predominantly blue backdrop.
Blue Washington/Fleurs-de-lis Lozenges in Red Bands: On either side of each panel in this window is a red vertical stripe with blue diamond shapes. This diamond shape, known as a “lozenge,” is common in heraldry. Each contains either the Washington coat of arms (shaded blue) or a single fleur-de-lis in blue. This design helps to maintain the blue color scheme of the window even as the red band provides a contrasting outline.
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Stained Glass Design
Each of the windows in Washington Memorial Chapel have “medallions” depicting scenes or stories. In between those major medallions are smaller “intermedallions” which represent a theme or motif.
Within the tracery (intricate stonework window atop a stained glass window) are sections called daggers (dagger shaped), kites (diamond shaped) and panels (larger sections).
The slider below shows each section within the window.
Detailed Medallion Text
01 The Baptism of George Washington
Medallion 1: The Baptism of George Washington
Location: Left section, left lancet, top
Description:
An Anglican priest stands on the far left of the medallion holding the infant George Washington. In the center is Washington’s mother, Mary Ball Washington, holding her prayer book. The man standing next to Mary is likely Washington's father, Augustine. The two male figures standing behind are likely the two godfathers. Though a cross is depicted in the center background, suggesting that the baptism took place in a church, the location of Washington’s baptism is not known.
Background:
The Reverend W. Herbert Burk specified that the subject of the first medallion of the Washington Window, located above (more or less) the Chapel’s baptismal font which commemorates Washington’s birth and baptism, “should be his baptism, by which he was consecrated a soldier of the cross.” In Burk’s description of the medallion, apparently composed before its completion, he stated that “the sponsors [godparents] should stand to the right, with the father and mother, the latter with her Prayer Book in hand. . . .”. This suggests that the man standing next to Mary is Washington's father, Augustine.
As was customary at the time, a male child had two male godparents and one female godparent. George Washington’s two godfathers were Mr. Beverly Whiting and Captain Christopher Brooks. His godmother was his aunt, Mildred Washington Gregory.
George Washington was born on a tobacco plantation along the shores of Popes Creek, Virginia on February 11, 1732 according to the Julian calendar in use by Great Britain and its colonies at the time. The changeover to the Gregorian calendar did not occur until September 1752, at which point February 22, 1732 became the birthday which we observe today.
Washington was baptized into the Church of England on April 5, 1732 (Gregorian), through sprinkling, a common practice for infants in the Anglican tradition. Owing to the plantation system, the dispersion of Virginia’s population and the scarcity of clergy and accessible churches, baptisms were often conducted at home. There is no record of the site of Washington’s baptism, nor of the name of the officiant.
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Intermedallion [Surrounding The Baptism of George Washington]
- Combined Washington/Kitson Coat of Arms: Center shield: Washington, impaled with Kitson (Sable, three fishes naiant in pale Argent (white); a chief Or (gold), although the fish are properly “hauriant in fess,” or in a row facing upwards, instead of in a column facing to the left). This achievement of arms commemorates the 1498 marriage of George Washington’s distant ancestor John Washington to Margaret Kitson, of Hengrave in Suffolk. All eight of the central shields in this window’s intermedallions appear to have been taken from a heraldic pedigree of George Washington, printed in 1858 at Philadelphia by Thomas Sinclair. They also appear at eye level, as wooden carvings on the inside face of the Washington Memorial Door directly below this window. This is the second one; the first in the sequence is the regular Washington coat of arms, which dates back to at least 1346.
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02 Washington His Own Teacher
Medallion 2: Washington His Own Teacher
Location: Left section, left lancet, second from the top
Description:
Washington sits alone at a desk in a library with his left hand resting on an open book as he concentrates on writing with his right hand.
Background:
Despite his lack of a formal education, George Washington’s thirst for knowledge encompassed politics, business, law, agriculture, philosophy and military science, benefitting him and ultimately his country.
Though lacking the formal education typical of colonial gentry, Washington compensated for this deficiency through constant study and extensive reading. Washington had only two years of private tutoring and grammar school instruction which ended with his father’s death in 1743. But his grammar school instructor, The Reverend James Marye, instilled in Washington a lifelong love of learning and respect for the importance of education.
Only twelve at his father’s death, Washington developed a strong work ethic running the family’s Ferry Farm. His school copy books reveal his study of geometry, decimals, trigonometry, “mensuration” (measuring), calculation of the leap year, geography, calculation of interest, and surveying. By copying 110 maxims for gentlemanly etiquette and moral principles from a 16th century book called The Rules of Civility and Decent Behavior in Company and Conversation, Washington developed personal qualities of poise, virtue, respect for superiors, and humility that advanced his military and political career.
After moving to Mount Vernon at age fifteen, Washington learned riding, hunting, fencing, and dancing from his half-brother Lawrence who introduced George to the influential Fairfax family. Lawrence's father-in-law, William Fairfax, served as mentor and surrogate father to George, teaching him the requirements for advancement in colonial planter society. Fairfax offered the sixteen year old Washington his first job as a surveyor. Washington continued to increase his knowledge by studying astronomy and using legal forms like bills of exchange, tobacco receipts, leases, and patents to learn business and legal practices. As a young man, Washington read the novelists Henry Fielding, Tobias Smollett, and Daniel Defoe, and the British periodical, Spectator, expanding his knowledge of politics, society, and the arts. After inheriting Mount Vernon, Washington drafted architectural renovations and experimented with farming, construction, horticulture, domestic industry, fishing, and clothing design. The works of Enlightenment thinkers John Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau influenced Washington’s ideas about liberty and human rights.
Washington read Seneca’s Morals, Julius Caesar’s Commentaries, and works by the Roman general and historian Tacitus. But Washington learned from experience as well as from reading. On the frontier, in the French and Indian War and during the Revolution, Washington learned to adapt to war’s stark realities. Ultimately adopting Hannibal’s Fabian strategy during the Revolution, Washington eroded British morale, manpower, and resources by pursuing a strategy of protracted, exhausting, and inconclusive engagements. Washington’s ability to keep the Continental Army in the field despite defeats, combined with the victory at Saratoga, set the stage for the French-American Alliance which helped bring the Revolutionary War to a victorious conclusion. Washington often prioritized “nation over self” demonstrating the values of integrity and moral responsibility. The acquisition of wisdom, humility, and knowledge procured through self-study over Washington’s lifetime contributed to his success as a soldier and statesman, and prompted his resignation as commander-in-chief which shaped the future of the United States.
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Intermedallion [Surrounding Washington His Own Teacher]
- Gold Button: Upper left: In the center of the button is the number “22.” An early description of the button, written by The Reverend W. Herbert Burk, labels it, “G.W. military button” with no further information. The design of the button is more intricate than was common in military buttons of the period and the significance of the number 22 is not clear. Normally, a number on a military button indicated the regiment, but there is no indication of Washington having been associated with a 22nd Regiment, either British or American. Located near the medallion of Washington’s baptism, it could be the gregorian calendar date of his birth (22 February) or it could be Washington’s age when he first saw combat in 1754 (Battle of Jumonville Glen 28 May 1754 and Fort Necessity 3 July 1754). There is a remote possibility that the number could have religious/Biblical significance.
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03 Washington the Surveyor
Medallion 3: Washington the Surveyor
Location: Left section, left lancet, third from the top
Description:
This medallion shows sixteen year-old George Washington surveying Little Hunting Creek Plantation in Virginia. He is the second figure on the right. The figure in the far right is a black man holding the surveyor’s chain that was used for measuring land distances. Lord Fairfax (who hired George Washington as a surveyor) is on the far left and Lawrence Washington (George Washington’s older half-brother) is next to him holding a completed survey of his estate “Hunting Creek.”
Background:
George Washington’s first career was as a professional surveyor, which he began at age sixteen. This job involved measuring and mapping land in Virginia’s expanding western frontier. He worked primarily for influential landowners, such as Lord Fairfax. Surveying was a respected and profitable profession in the 18th century, offering social status and financial opportunities. Washington quickly proved his skill and reliability, completing over ninety surveys between 1749 and 1752.
Washington’s early experiences surveying Little Hunting Creek were heavily influenced by his family connections. Lawrence Washington, his older half-brother, owned property near Little Hunting Creek, and George regularly surveyed these lands. Lord Fairfax, a powerful Virginia landowner, controlled vast tracts of land in the region and granted George commissions to survey these frontier areas. In the 1750’s, Lawrence Washington took ownership of Little Hunting Creek Plantation and changed the name to Mount Vernon in honor of Admiral Edward Vernon, a British naval officer. Lawrence served under Vernon during the War of Jenkins' Ear that was fought between Great Britain and Spain.
The practical skills George learned through surveying, such as reading terrain and mapping boundaries, gave him valuable knowledge of the Virginia backcountry and frontier lands. This knowledge would later aid his military leadership during the French and Indian War and the American Revolution. While Washington left professional surveying behind as a career by 1752, he continued using those skills to expand and manage his personal landholdings throughout his life, amassing close to 70,000 acres.
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Intermedallion [Surrounding Washington the Surveyor]
- Society of the Cincinnati Eagle: Left side: This image of an eagle crowned with a laurel wreath is shown as a gold medal hanging from a blue ribbon. This is the Eagle badge of the Society of the Cincinnati, a Patriot officer organization founded at the Newburgh encampment in May 1783. Its name was taken from the ancient Roman hero Cincinnatus, to whom George Washington was often compared since both took command to save a Republic and then returned to private life. The Society, which was led by George Washington until his death, was formed to care for veterans and their families, preserve the memory of the Revolution, and defend Liberty and Union. The Eagle was designed by Pierre L’Enfant, a French officer who served as an engineer in the Continental Army and who drew up the plans for Washington DC.
- Washington Seal: Lower right: Washington’s crest depicts his coat of arms topped by a raven issuing from a ducal coronet. (This crest is also included in the intermedallion above Medallion 16: Washington Wins the Battle of Princeton, as well as in the intermedallion at the top left of the Lafayette window.) The motto, Exitus Acta Probat, translates to “The Outcome Proves the Deeds.”
- Olive or Laurel Branches: Right demilune: Olive and laurel leaves are often difficult to distinguish in traditional art due to their similar appearance and related meanings. Olive leaves could symbolize Washington as an attainer of peace, or perhaps God’s favor on his efforts. Alternatively, laurel leaves could be a statement that Washington’s devotion to study played a role in his success.
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04 Washington the King's Messenger
Medallion 4: Washington the King's Messenger
Location: Left section, left lancet, fourth from the top
Description:
George Washington, in a blue overcoat, presents Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre (1701-1755), the French commandant of Fort LeBoeuf, with a letter written by Robert Dinwiddie, Governor of Virginia (1692-1770). Legardeur is flanked by French officers and sentries. Legardeur stands over a table, his fist closed on a roll of maps. In the background, the log walls of Fort Le Boeuf are visible.
Background:
In the summer of 1753, the French began construction of a line of forts through the Ohio Country. This would complete the efforts of the Kingdom of France to connect its Canadian dominions with those in Upper and Lower Louisiana, thereby effectively gaining control of the American interior. Increasingly alarming reports from allied Seneca tribes circulated through the colonies, but the Colony of Pennsylvania's predominantly Quaker government was unwilling to act on claims to Western land that it viewed as tenuous. Virginia also claimed what is now western Pennsylvania, and Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia was an investor in the Ohio Company of Virginia that had been given a charter by the Crown to settle the lands of the Ohio River.
Acting on instructions from England, Dinwiddie drafted a letter to “the French commander in the Ohio Country,"[1] ordering the French to leave. Dinwiddie selected Major George Washington, then twenty-one years of age, to deliver the ultimatum. On October 31, he, with a party of assistants, frontiersmen, and servants, set out for the West, following the orders given him by Dinwiddie.[2] They arrived at Logstown, PA, near present-day Ambridge, on November 23, and traveled thence to Fort Le Boeuf, at present-day Waterford, PA.
On December 11, Washington arrived at the fort, and presented Governor Dinwiddie's letter to Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre, commandant of the Fort. Legardeur received Washington politely, but rejected the Governor's ultimatum. After three days' hospitality at the fort, during which Washington discreetly made comprehensive notes on the design, armament, and layout of the fort, Legardeur gave Washington a letter to convey back to Governor Dinwiddie, ordering the Governor to deliver his demand to the leadership in Quebec City. Dinwiddie, anticipating further resistance, had already dispatched a convoy to present-day Pittsburgh, to fortify the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers. Washington passed the convoy on his way back to Williamsburg, which he would reach on January 16, 1754.[3] The incomplete "Fort Prince George" was captured by the French in late April 1754. A few weeks later, the Battle of Jumonville Glen would initiate the French and Indian War.
The Rev. Burk chose to include this event in Washington's life as an indication, not only of the beginning of his prominence as a leader, but also as a harbinger of the opening of the American continent, in his words, "for English civilization."
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[1] Francis Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe, vol. 1. (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1914), 134.
[2] "Founders Online: Instructions from Robert Dinwiddie, 30 October 1753." 2025. Archives.gov. 2025. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/02-01-02-0029.
[3] "Founders Online: Commission from Robert Dinwiddie, 30 October 1753." n.d. Founders.archives.gov. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/02-01-02-0028.
Intermedallion [Surrounding Washington the King's Messenger]
- St. Matthew’s Angel: Center roundel: The Gospel-writer and Apostle St. Matthew is represented traditionally as an angel with a human face, holding a scroll. The other three Evangelists are represented elsewhere in this window with blue figures of the other corresponding angelic “Living Creatures” from Revelation 4:7, known together as the Tetramorph (which parallel a similar set of Four Living Creatures in Ezekiel 1:5-14). The Early Church Fathers paired St. Matthew’s Gospel with the human-faced angel because it emphasizes Christ’s incarnation. As on the Chapel’s wrought-iron narthex gate, the angelic beings are featured on this window in the order of the corresponding Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John). They may perhaps be placed in the first third of this window as a nod to the formative impact of the Gospels on Washington’s early life.
- George Washington Medal: Lower right: This depiction of Washington in profile on a circle with hatchmarks around the edge seems to represent a special souvenir coin produced for the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial Exposition. Although it is a rare find today, known to numismatists as “Musante GW-470,” this silver/copper collector’s item was very common at the time the Chapel was designed and likely represents part of Burk’s extensive Americana collection. If this identification is correct, the other side (not shown in the window) featured the Liberty Bell and the year “1776.” Alternatively, it is possible that this is an even rarer coin and that the other side depicted is unknown.
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